RHETORICAND REALITY
By Van Nguyen
Van Duc recounts in his memoirs “Vuot Qua Con So Hai”
(Let’s Overcome Fear) that “after 1975, Vietnam, in the eyes of quite a few
people, was a military power in Southeast Asia. It enjoyed the respect of many
countries. Some neighboring countries even stood in fear of it. Although it was
a small and underdeveloped country, Vietnam heroically defeated the United
States, the mighty empire that had acted freely as it pleased all over the five
continents ever since the end of World
War II. No one would ever think that a small satellite country of the Soviet
Bloc could throw down this mightiest opponent in an unequal match! The prestigious
Communist Party of Vietnam had never been so admired. The appellation Vietnam
was identified with the loftiest ideals, the conscience of the world the pinnacle of human intelligence. Such a prestige caused, at the
same time, fear among its neighboring countries in Southeast Asia, such as
Malaysia and Thailand, where the seeds of communism had been sown and taken
root for a long time. Prime Minister Pham Van Dong's declarations during his
visits to Southeast Asian countries engendered even more unease and anxiety
among the leaders of these countries. The military invasion into Kampuchea, the
search-and-destroy operations against the Khmer Rouge in Phnom Penh, and the
installation of the Heng Samrin and the military clique as an Instrument the liberation in
Kampuchea had made the world suspicious of a territory expansion. It was well agog at Vietnam's vile scheme.
One may recall an event as it just happened
yesterday. The giant Prime Minister Pham Van Dong, with his black eyeglasses
and strings of flowers around his neck offered by young Kampuchean ladies,
haughtily overshadowed his Kampuchean entourage when he presided over the first
press conference in Phnom Penh. (The ladies of the old regime in Saigon who
served as entertainers at the reception that day whispered to one another that
Uncle Dong was so frail that he could not walk. He had been reluctantly
supported by attendants on both sides as he came to the conference!)
Being panic-stricken, the world hastened to isolate Vietnam,
pressure on it, cut off foreign aids to it and imposed a trade embargo against
it. Some countries even lent a hand to
the Pol Pot-Yeng Sary clique, the gang of murderers thirsty of blood that had
killed millions of their countrymen. The world had charged them with crimes of
genocide. Communist China, which had been weakened by the Culture Revolution
disaster and suffered economic depression all through the tragic days under the
Gang of Four, flexed its muscles and threatened to give its former brother
country a lesson. It came to no question when the elder brother country
sustained a great defeat! It could only be dexterous in using sticks and stones
to settle internal conflicts and excel in practicing human-wave attacks
in battles and confrontations. Nevertheless, it failed to encroach on its
brother country's territory.
Economic
depression and military great losses by the war in Kampuchea put Vietnam at
risk the one-time elder brother country had then all its advantages in its
hands. Colossal lines of army divisions flanked by armored vehicles,
tanks, and cannons of all sizes overwhelmed the borders! Vietnam had to rely on full support from the
powerful eldest brother Soviet brother that took side with it, in hesitantly
sending troops to the Russian-Chinese borders to challenge the People Republic
of China’s Army. The Soviet superpower’s army would flatly crush Communist China
Red Army if it would not dolefully withdraw its troops from the China-Vietnam
border provinces.
To everyone's
knowledge, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ceased to be a military power when
the battles ended on the China-Vietnam frontiers in 1979. It even slid down
pitilessly when the war began in the western provinces of the country and then
escalated in Kampuchea. Popular resistance in this country developed and spread.
The economy deteriorated after campaigns for confiscation of private
properties. A myriad of men, women, and children escaped the fatherland in rush
of freedom. It was a great loss for the country when thousands of
professionals, experts, and technicians left the country for a new life.
Vietnam, in the eyes of the world, was no longer an enjoyable place to live.
Misfortunes never come singly. The countries that were unsympathetic to Vietnam
were more than willing to resettle an unlimited number of boat people
Cadres boasted about Vietnam's boundless
potential wealth, land mines, and sea resources. They incessantly repeated Ho
Chi Minh's prophecies about a prospective wealthy and mighty Vietnam:
"After we have defeated the American imperialists, we'll build up Vietnam
into a nation which will be tenfold wealthier and mightier than it has ever
been before." However, every Vietnamese felt ashamed of his or her
country's cripple economy when it was ranked among the few poorest
countries in the world! Until this day, not only is it still economically
dependent on foreign investment, it is also backward in every domain of the
political, social, intellectual, and spiritual life. Methods of administration
of the economy are in infancy; the laws are untrue, and the rules and
regulations are executed in an inconsistent manner. Reports on the economic
achievements, for instance, are unreliable. They often vary depending on
whether they are advantageous or disadvantageous to the political regime. In
1989, reports from the People's Council of Thanh Hoa Province said that
the province had good harvests. Local newspapers, in contrast, disclosed that
the people of the province were facing a great famine! Still, the population
suffered heavy damages caused
by natural disaster. (Achievements
are flamboyant (!), but the famine is a reality).
It is to our
popular belief that the more children we may have the more wealth we may gain.
The growth in population in our country is tremendously rising, creating
anxiety. We should not be fearful as our natural resources are bountiful. Nevertheless, without scientific knowledge
and modern technology, we hardly extract and make proper use of them. In the
1920's, our scholars of the Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc (Tuition-free School of
Tonkin) brought up with the practical ideals that to realize a 10-year economic
plan we need to grow trees, and if we wish to achieve a 100-year national
policy, we need to cultivate men. The Vietnamese youths are well known for intelligence
and diligence. With a sound, fair, and
democratic policy of national education only could Vietnam take off and catch
up with modern countries in the world.
The most
serious setback in the Communist administration is, perhaps, the mismanagement
of the economic infrastructure and the squandering of “war booties.” Those war
booties, according to some estimates, valued at 4 billion U.S. dollars,
equivalent to the amount of money the Vietnamese signatory at the Paris Treaty
in 1973 demanded for the compensation as amends for war damages. Only a few
years after the “liberation,” could the people in the South could not help from
complaining about the deplorable conditions of road communications. Almost all
the inter-provincial roads built by the old administration became timeworn.
Many of them were downgrading to an alarming degree. Old-age bridges connecting
the highways crumbled one after another due to constant heavy traffic. The roads
in the countryside were almost impassable to vehicles. In the Mo Cay District,
for instance, roads that were dug up by bush-fighters for guerrilla tactics
remained intact. The road from Ham Long District to Thanh Phu District was
entirely impassable to vehicles and was only used for buffalo carts and
pedestrians. The modern Bien Hoa bridge and highways, constructed by the
American Johnson and Drake Pipe Co., suffered damages. On the inauguration day, when the
constructions were open to public traffic, the Communist propaganda hissed the
rumor that the Bien Hoa highway would be used as an airstrip for American
jet planes. Until the war ended in 1975, never had the people in the South seen
an American plane landing its troops on it, however. Ever since 1975, the
highway networks from the demilitarized zone--Ben Hai to the Ca Mau Cape--with
bridges connecting rivers and canals, have become increasingly superannuated
but have never been maintained or repaired. During the war, the Engineering
Corps of the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces was mostly in charge of the
construction, maintenance, and repair of roads, highways, and bridges, from the
lowland to the highland of the Republic territory. It was served by a
contingent of experts, engineers, and technicians who were well trained in
civil and military schools of engineering in the country and abroad. After the
takeover of the South of North Vietnamese troops, these men of expertise and
abilities were summoned to reeducation. Many of them were only released
recently. It was a true waste of expertise!
The waste of
means for transportation, road and bridge construction materials and
equipment, was another setback in the administration. Thousands of jeeps,
trucks, and bulldozers, were found lying exposed to the scorching sun and heavy
rainfall. An engineering officer of the old regime related that, during the
time he was detained at the old Fifth Engineering Group Headquarters near
Saigon, he happened to find dozens of tractors and trucks left unused in the
old hangars of the headquarters. Many of them were all brand new; some were in
good conditions, and others only needed some minor repair. Later, they were all
found unused and turned into dumps of old scrap iron. Their tires were taken
off and used as materials to make troop sandals! Poor gatherers of waste
materials also happened to find dozens of drilling machines used in road and
bridge construction buried in deep muddy gutters. The troopers of the “liberation
army” found that these machines were so monstrous that is quite monstrous, and that
were kept in mothballs. Their containers were made for use as water tanks in
the kitchen. The drilling machines, which seem to be unusable, were thrown into
the nearby gutters for the sake of convenience! An officer of a new battalion
who came to station at the headquarters a few years later reported the matter
to a senior officer. To his amazement, his superior said without a sigh:
"Well, that doesn't matter, comrade! After reunification, we'll build up
our country into a nation that will be tenfold wealthier and mightier than it
has been." In a way, the latter really learned by heart Uncle Ho's
prophecy about a bright prospective Vietnam! In 1984, an officer who worked at
the Prime Minister's Office in the North told the following story.
When extracting rock from a mountain for road
repair, the People’s Army could not afford to get US-made boring drills, which
are made of platinum, which are both powerful and endurable, by it could not
find one. It had to use low-quality Soviet-made boring machines, instead. It
was estimated that a single drill cost 1,000,000 dong! Expensive American
commodities and equipment of all kinds during the Vietnam War were stored in
warehouses at Long Binh, Bien Hoa Province. They were left abandoned there for
years. Poor gatherers of waste materials could also find, deep in the ground,
tons of precious commodities, sand bags, nylon bags, and even brand new
typewriters, which the one time American military authorities had to bury for
the storage of new materials and equipment. (Van Duc, VNHRW, 19 (1993:6-7)
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