THE OPPOSITION
By Van Nguyen
After the
takeover of Saigon, the communist administration executed strict measures to
eliminate “the remnants of American imperialism and the puppet
government.” Cadres and servicemen of A
16 in Saigon and other provinces were given orders to sweep off any opposition
that might arise. They ought to eradicate then quickly and cleanly, punished
them mercilessly at their very bases or sent them to reeducation. All political
organizations affiliated with the American imperialism and the puppet
government had to be destroyed. This campaign for pacification was carried out
in line with the XI and II2 operations expropriating all Churches’ properties
and closing all their abbeys, seminaries, and cultural, humanitarian, and educational
establishments.
Non-cooperation and Sabotage
Political security control was rather inefficacious.
On September 3, 1975, reports to the General Security Directorate revealed that
only a small number of personnel of the old regime at the base registered for reeducation.
The “gang of military chaplains” was thin. Only 2/1,000 chaplains, 46/150
psycho-warfare officers, 142/100 intelligence agents, and so on presented themselves in person. During the
first phase, only 4,800/10,200 reactionaries registered themselves for
reeducation. Arrests were affected to deal not only with the reactionary
elements serving in the administration and the military but also elements in
the cultural social and political organizations in the South.
In fact, right after the fall of Saigon, multifarious
anti-communist groups were voluntarily associated with one another to fight
back the communist administration. They operated clandestinely inside the city
and in the suburban areas, largely in Catholic parishes in Tan Binh, Phu Nhuan,
and Thu Duc. One of the most active group was the Dan Quan Phuc Quoc (Civil and
Military National Restoration) led by Nguyen Viet Hung. Their activities
targeted individual cadres and troopers stationing in each street post or ward
military headquarters with sabotage. On February 10, 1976, Nguyen Viet Hung,
the leader of the group was arrested. His
men dispersed, but continued to fight.
On February 13, 1976, the security forces of
Ho Chi Minh City launched attacks on the Vinh Son Cathedral on Tran Quoc Toan
Street. Gun fires exchanged. The security overwhelmed the cathedral, seized
radios and loudspeakers, printed materials, and other properties. The Catholic
priests Nguyen Quang Minh, Nguyen Huu Nghi and three collaborators were arrested.
The attack on a Catholic cathedral aroused awe amid full appropriation of the
Catholic Church’s properties.
Clashes exploded openly. The explosion at Ho Con Rua (Tortoise
Square) was most phenomenal. The place is a historic sight constructed by the
French administration in 1878. The incident was t raised concern over the new
administration’s capacity to secure the peace and order in the city. The
explosion remained a mystery, Authorities failed to bring into light the
evidence or proof of whether or not the incident is an act of wishful sabotage. It caused one dead and four injured. The
official journal Saigon Giai Phong (Saigon Liberated), on April 3, 1976, ran a
short paragraph, accusing the reactionaries for vile acts of sabotage to cause
public disorder and insecurity. It announced that authorities had laid hands on
the criminals, but produced no proof of the sabotage Twenty-four hours after the explosion, the
poet Tran Da Tu and his wife, the female writer Nha Ca were arrested. On the
same night; two other writer, Trinh Viet Thanh and Nguyen Manh Con were
detained. A mass arrest of waters lasted until April 28 1976. Doan Quoc Sy, Duyen
Anh, Mai Thao, Vu Hoang Chuong, Nguyen Sy Te, Hoang Hai Thuy, Duong Hung Cuong,
Duong Nghiem Mau, Nhu Phong Le Van Tien, Khuat Duy Trac, and many other writers
and intellectuals were one by one arrested. The writer Nguyen Manh Con, the
novelist Duong Hung Cuong, the writer Nguyen Hoat, the scholar Ho Huu Tuong,
the poet Vu Hoang Chuong, the film actor Kha Nang, and the essayist Le Khai
Trach died in prison.
In reality, the people in the South, in general, had
an aversion for “the Revolution.” Opposition to it was commonplace. The
administration opened attacks on the “hangouts” of the reactionaries. On April
6, 1976, the authorities killed six reactionaries in an operation in the area
of Tung Nghia, Lam Domg Province. The leader Tran Duy Ninh and eight other
reactionaries were taken alive. On April 8, 1975, 43 targets in Saigon were
eliminated across the board. Operations
for pacification prior to after a big event, the general sections day, for
example, mass arrests of people for unfounded reasons still occurred. Until his
release from a reeducation camp or prisons, “the criminal did not understand
for what reason he committed a crime.
After April
1975, prominent politicians and leaders of political paties in the South were the
primary target of elimination. Among them were the former prime-minister Phan
Huy Quat, the leader of the National Party Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang Vu Hong
Khanh, the leader of Greater National Party Dai Viet Tran Trieu Viet alias Tran
Viet Son, the leader of Greater Social National Party Dai Viet Quoc Gia Xa Hoi
Ta Nguyen Minhl, and the prominent member of the Greater Viet National Party
Duy Dan Tran Thanh Dinh. Three last
leaders of the Association of Lawyers of the Republic of Vietnam--Tran Van
Tuyen, Ly Van Hiep, and Vu Dang Dung--became prisoners of the Communists for
their national cause. Tran Van Tuyen sacrificed himself in the Ha Son Binh
reeducation camp in 1976; Ly Van Hiep was sentenced to 12 years in prison on
charges of propaganda against the regime presumably in 1981 or 1982. (The date
was uncertain since the trial was conducted behind closed door). Vu Dang Dung
spent 6 years in reeducation camp without a trial for his participation in the
Lawyer Tran Danh San's organization of human rights activities.
On April
18, 1977, two years after the fall of South Vietnam, the lawyer Tran Danh San
openly read to the public the Disinherited Vietnamese's Manifesto on
Human Rights in front of Saigon Cathedral. He was arrested and detained for
10 years without trial. During the first five years, he was lastingly put in
fetters, which caused him disabled. The
lawyers Nguyen Huu Giao and Tran Nhat Tan were also detained for 10 years. The
lawyer Trieu Ba Thiep and Vu Hung Cuong were detained for 6 years. The lawyer Nguyen Huu Doan and the slate
lawyer Nguyen Quy Anh were detained for 18 months. The first lawyer to be brought
to stand trial in court was Nguyen Khac Chinh. He was sentenced to life
imprisonment with forced hard labor on charges of "treason and
activities intending to overthrow the people's administration. Members of the
Saigon Association of Lawyers were coerced to attend ‘thought reform” programs.
The association was outlawed, and those lawyers who refused to abide by the new
law and order were detained and sent to reeducation camps.
Demands for Respect for Freedom
and Human Rights
Personalities representing various social and
political organizations continually denounced the Communist crimes and pledge
to firmly struggle for the respect for freedom, democracy, and human rights for
Vietnam. Typical of these denunciations is the manifesto signed by eight personalities,
including Lawyer Tran Danh San, President of the Anti-militarist Progressive
Youth Force in 1965; Professor Pham Bieu Tam, Vice-President of the Association
of Patriotic Intellectuals; Professor Ton That Duong Ky, Vice-President of the
National Liberation Front South Vietnam, banished to North Vietnam by the
Saigon Government on March 19, 1965, for pacifist activities; Huynh Thanh Vi,
President of the Vietnam Press Association; Lawyer Nguyen Huu Giao,
Vice-President of the Students Union in 196; Lawyer Trieu Ba Thiep, President
of the Students Struggle Committee; Lawyer Nguyen Huu Doan, Professor of the
Saigon Students Union; and Professor Nguyen Van Thang, Secretary-general of the
Saigon Students Union in 1969 rallied in a protest on April 18, 1977 to voice demands
for freedom and human rights. Six of them read out a manifesto on the steps of
Saigon Cathedral. The manifesto specified the utter tragedy these public
figures suffered in excruciating terms as follows:
“We, with
what remains of our failing strength, with what remains of our mutilated
spirits, resolve to struggle nonviolently for the respect of Human Rights in
Vietnam. Our strength is diminished by hunger and privation. Our spirits are
mutilated; with heads bowed and back bent, we must obey blindly,
unconditionally, and irrevocably the orders of one Party and a tyrannical government
we have chosen nonviolence, as it is the only way of avoiding the bloodshed and
sacrifice of a people martyred relentlessly over the past decades.
Peasants of the world! Look at your brothers in
Vietnam. The Vietnamese peasant labors in the sweltering heat of the tropics,
at the mercy of nature, only to find fields is forced to spend his rare
moments of leisure undergoing indoctrination lessons and senseless
discussions. His harvest confiscated in the name of building a so-called
"socialism." The water buffalo, after pulling the plough all day is
allowed a few moments of rest.
Workers of the world! Imagine the working conditions
of the Vietnamese laborer. Forced to
work all month long without hope of a different week, all week without hope of
a different day, all day without hope of a different hour, he is to receive in
the end nothing but a pittance of a wage and, on top of this, be obliged to declare
that he is working of his own free will. He has to offer his sweat, blood, and
tears to the Party leaders and, for propaganda's sake, must publicly proclaim
that his acts are guided by the providence of the government, of the
omniscient, all-clairvoyant Party. The most sacred right of the worker is the
right to strike. In Vietnam, even this basic right has been denied.
Clergymen,
scientists, artists, and progressive intellectuals of the world! May all those
praying in churches leave their prayers! May all those engrossed in their
research come out of their laboratories! May all those who create break up
their pens and throw away their brushes! All!
All! Look at the tragedy of Vietnam! A country where churches and
pagodas are turned into indoctrination centers--where all principles, even the
very laws of nature, are distorted to fit the regime's propaganda--where
writers and journalists are forced to put their pens to the service of the
Party and Government, to cover up the cruel errors they have committed.
All Vietnamese, whether they be peasants, workers, or
intellectuals, have no other alternatives but to: - Resign to the inevitable
and blindly obey the orders of this new race of peculators--Communist
cadres--in order to receive a miserable wage, the meager crumbs of a meal and
perish in despair; - Die of hunger and exhaustion in one of the many
concentration camps that have been set up all over the country. The entire
harvest of the peasants and all goods produced by the workers are taken over by
the State and redistributed according to the State's own criteria.
We have seen: - Workers and peasants forced to work
unpaid during their leisure hours for fear that their family's rice ration be
cut and that they will die of hunger. - Old people and women feigning smiles
and enthusiasm in meetings and gatherings for lack of enthusiasm can be
punished by the refusal of rice rations and basic necessities for the whole
family.- Prisoners who, even after their release, must keep silent, not daring
to tell about the horrors they have seen in the prisons. They are haunted by
the constant fear that if they are caught speaking out, their wives and
children will be deprived of their rice rations and die of hunger. One might
find the courage to sacrifice one's own life, but who can bear to see his loved
ones sacrificed because of his own acts? This is the reason behind so many
pathetic and unthinkable cases, such as the case of the father who, in order to
ensure a proper rice ration for his son, urges his son to denounce him.
Otherwise, both of them will die. This is only one of many, unimaginable to
those who have not lived in Vietnam (e.g. a woman denouncing her husband, a man
denouncing his own brother). Murdered or tortured to death. Moreover, the
Government has confiscated all private property, even that of the workers who
have been chased out of towns and now have to work on country sites and in the
camps.
Intellectuals in the world! Wake up! The present
regime uses food as a pressure to govern the people, compelling them to obey,
breaking all resistance. Any individual thought, however constructive it may
be, although it may never be put into action, is branded reactionary and can
entail arbitrary imprisonment for he who dares express it. Those who run the
Law Courts, the Police, representatives in the National Assembly are all, in
fact, political cadres who follow the directives of the one Party. Whereas the
propaganda machine grinds out principles of tolerance, humanity, freedom, and
democracy, the reality is completely different. More than twenty percent of the
former regime's officials detained in concentration camps have been
Proletarians of
the world! Wake up! To save the human being, this conscience is inherent in man;
you must all struggle to put an end to the barbaric cruelty and the violation
of human and civil rights by the government in Vietnam today. There is not a
moment to lose, and, on the basis of clauses 13 and 63 of the United Nations
Charter, you, progressive nations, governments, international organizations,
and, particularly, U.N.O must intervene to end by all means this savage
violation of human rights, this calculated extinction of liberties, this policy
which reduces man to the state of an animal, resigning himself totally,
blindly obeying orders.
Every hour that passes marks the death of thousands of
people in concentration camps and prisons. Every day that passes is one more
day of torture and suffering for millions of Vietnamese. They live in waiting
for the outcry and action of humanists all over the world (The Washington Area
League for Human Rights, 1978: 5-7).
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