INSECURITY
By Van Nguyen
Black April
On March 21, 1965, a conference took place at La Fayette Hotel, Paris, in the presence of French prominent political
figures among who were former Prime Minister Giscard d’Estaing, Pierre Messmer,
Jacques Chirac, and others. Former France Ambassador to Vietnam Merillon
disclosed his attempts at establishing a regime of political neutrality in
South Vietnam prior to the fall of Saigon on April 30 1975. He had maintained close
contacts with the last US Ambassador to Vietnam Martin after the fall of Phan Rang
province in the Center. On March 18, 1875, Martin duly said that the United States
would abandon Vietnam, He assumed
himself the role of a faliitator, to help South Vietnam successfully resist the
Communist invasion and establish a regime of political neutrality.South Vietnam
could still stand with a politically non-aligned government. Red China, on the
other hand, agreed with France to establish a tri-partite politically
non-aligned government in South Vietnam with the inclusion of the Front for
Liberalization of South Vietnam. The ultimate decision belonged to the generals
who were in command at the Communist headquarters of the Ho Chi Minh Campaign at
Long Khanh.
France was
then in favor of a coalition tri-partite government comprising the
nationalists, the neutralists, and the pro-Chinese members in the Front for
Liberation of South Vietnam among whom were Truong Nhu Tang, Nguyen Thi Binh,
General Le Quang Ba, and General Tran Van Tra.
To the utmost disadvantage of France the general Secretary of the
Vietnamese Communist Party Le Duan was at that time all-powerful and
pro-Russian, and, thus seemingly constituting an irreversible situation to the
scheme.
On the morning of March 24, the French Ambassador to
Vietnam sent for General Duong Van Minh for a meeting at the France’s Embassy
in Saigon. The former four--star general, accompanied by a large entourage
among whom were Huynh Tan Mam, Hoang Phu Ngoc Tuong, Pham Thi Thanh Van alias
Madam Ngo Ba Thanh, Buddhist Nun Huynh Lien, Ly Quy Chung, Vu Van Mau, and Ho
Ngoc Cu. The ambassador presented a three-phase government strategy so that he
and the general would discuss the matter.
Plans were projected for a
transfer of power. On the political plane
the coalition government was established. At the head were Duong Van Minh and
Tran Van Tra as Co-chairmen; Vu Van Mau, Trinh Dinh Thao, and Vo Chi Cong,
Co-Vice Chairmen. Other members of the government were General Pham Van Phu,
Minister for National Defense, Nguyen Thi Binh, Minister for Foreign Affairs;
Truong Nhu Tang, Minister for Justice; Vu Quoc Thuc, Minister for the Interior;
Nguyen Van Hao, Minister for Finance; Le Quang Uyen, Minister for Commerce;
Tran Ngoc Lieng, Minister for Labor. To mediate differences of political
diversity within a ministry, a principle is predestined, If the Minister is a
nationalist, the vice minister will be a member of the Front, and vice-versa.
An Advisory Council beside the government would include Nguyen Huu Tho, Huynh
Tan Phat, Buddhist Monk Tri Quang, Luong Trong Tuong, Ho Tan Khoa, Reverend
Chan Tin, and former Prime Minister Tran Van Huu. Duong Van Minh and his close entourage were
assured that twenty-four hours after the proclamation of the coalition
government, France and the world and Europe and non-aligned government leaders
would recognize the new government, and thus halting the Soviet tanks to enter Saigon.
On the military plan, the military corps would still be capable of detaining the
communists for ten months. France would play the role of mediator, promoting
the policy of political neutrality, exerting pressure on North Vietnam to affect
a cease-fire. Duong Van Minh would have time to redress the army and choose
able generals to counter attack the enemy. The Armed Forces of the Republic of
Vietnam would surely withstand, and the Communist North would not easily win.
Concerning diplomacy, the government of political
neutrality would declare to establish diplomatic relations with China and other
socialist countries including the Soviet Union. China would then send its
ambassador to Vietnam to Saigon in 24 hours. He would hand to the coalition
government an aid of 420 million dollars, an aid which China had previously
promised to grant North Vietnam. The coalition government would ask China to
force Hanoi to engage in the talks for an immediate cease-fire. China had been in
good terms with the Front for Liberation of South Vietnam, and thus fostering
its influence in Indochina, a term that the Front also wished to realize to get
out of the Communist North Vietnam’s orbit. Accordingly, France would transfer
to the coalition government an aid of 3000 million dollars to perpetuate the
regime of political neutrality. At the same time, it would canvass support from
its allied countries in Europe a sum of 200 million dollars through programs of
economic aids.
The plans came
to no result, nonetheless. During the week between April 23-28, while the
Communist troops flanked by tanks were advancing as far as Xuan Loc, a hundred
kilometers north of Saigon, French Ambassador Merillon was actively shuttling
between President-designate Tran Van Huong and General Duong Van Minh. Efforts
were made to push for a transfer of power from the president-designate to the
General, although it might well be too late. The ambassador saw President Huong
at least once and usually twice a day that week. At every meeting he urged the
preside-designate to give way to the general. At almost every meeting the latter
managed to work with the idea that history had apparently chosen the general to
play the role of Petain in a Vichy South Vietnam. Attempts for a coaltion
government proved to be futile’
Terror and confusion followed. By April 26, the
communist had cut Saigon off from the adjoining areas and bombarded the city. On
27; heavy bombs fell on Tan Son Nhat Airfield. Communist planes swept down and
bombed the base. Sixty thousand (60,000)
soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Vietnam inside Saigon shored
vigilance. On April 28, when General Duong Van Minh and his entourage prepared
a celebration to officially accept the transfer of power from the
president-designate Tran Van Huong to General Duong, Van Minh. The French
ambassador really lost heart. He had had words from the American Ambassador that
the latter would be leaving, The French Ambassador, in fact, had already agreed
to attempt to act as caretaker for American property. He was then occupied
himself with conducting a security meeting with about thirty figures of the
French community about the evacuation of some 15,000 French nationals out of
South Vietnam. Earlier, in the middle of
April, he had quietly closed the schools.
On April 28, the North Vietnamese divisions tightened
siege around Saigon when General Duong Van Minh became the third president in
replacement of President-designate Trran Van Huong, who assumed power as
president for seven days after the resignation on Nguyen Van Thieu. Thousands
of people gathered in front of the American Embassy. Waves of people headed to
the center of the city, along Nguyen Hue Boulevard and the adjoining streets
leading to wharves and docks on Saigon River banks. The North Vietnamese
divisions were thirty miles north of Saigon. The U.S. Air Force had flown
43,479 people out of Saigon. The agony
of the capital really began, Early in the morning of April 28, rockets and
mortars were raining on Tan Son Nhat Airfield. For hours, Marshall Nguyen Cao Ky
was unable to fly to Can Tho to lead the resistance. Thousands of boats were sailing
around the American fleet in the East Sea.
April 29, the situation was hopeless. The North
Vietnamese divisions were apparently moving to take Saigon. Prime
Minister-designate Vu Van Mau went on the radio to make public the government’s
order that all American personnel and military officials must leave the country
the next twenty four hours. The evacuations of U, S. officials and Vietnamese employees
and families accelerated. Around 8:00 o ‘clock, a Chinook escorted by Cobra gunships
appeared like dragonflies above the American Embassy compounds. The last U, S. officials
and Marines left the roof of the American Embassy. They were then on board of
CH46, flying out of Saigon. At 10:00, Radio Saigon broadcast the announcement
by President Duong Van Minh, saying that “to avoid the bloodshed, the President
asks the soldiers of the Republic to put an end to all hostilities, be calm,
and remain where they are to save the lives of the people and do not open fire.”
He also called on the troopers of the Provisional Revolutionary Government not
to open fire. He was waiting to meet with their representatives to discuss the
orderly takeover of power, both civilian and military without causing senseless
bloodshed to the people.
The surrender announcement created confusion
and panic. Chaos intensified. People in mass sought to leave Saigon. Thusands
of escapees crowded itto wharves and docks. Desperate escapees looked for
departures at seashore beaches in Vung Tau, Can Tho, Rach Gia, and Phu Quoc. Looting spead and ravaged the city, Pillage
broke out in Binh Dong, Cho Lon (Saigon Chinatown), Khanh Hoi, in residential quarters
in Tan Binh Precinct, at abandoned American offices in the center of the city,
and at warehouses in Tan Cang (New Port), Binh Thanh District, Gia Dinh
Province. Amid tumult, columns sifter columns of North Vietnamese troopers from
Binh Chanh, Hoc Mo Cu Chi southwest of Saigon streamed into the city. Abandoned
South Vietnamese soldiers left their positions on the battlefronts northeast of
Saigon ran along the Bien Hoa Highway, leaving arms and uniforms on either side
of the road.
At noon, North Vietnamese tanks from Bien Hoa Highway
roared into the city and proceeded up to Indepenlance Palace on Thong Nhat
Boulevard. In a moment Soviet-made tanks rammed the gates. The infantry and
tank crews joined, inundating the lawn. A Privy government flag appeared on the
balcony. Guns were fired into the sky while two North Vietnamese troopers were
waiving their flags. General Duong Van Mimh was waiting for the newcomers to
turn over the government. At the headquarters of various military zones,
Generals Nguyen Khoa Nam, Le Quang Hung, Pham Van Phu, Le Nguyen Vy, and Tran
Van Hai committed suicide. They refused to haul their flag. Pockets of
resistance still continued here and there in various regions in the South.
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